Limitations on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Presidential and Vice-Presidential Election Campaigns

Amatulloh Azizah; Allan Fatchan Gani Wardhana

doi:10.30649/htlj.v10i1.356

Authors

Amatulloh Azizah Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Indonesia
Allan Fatchan Gani Wardhana Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30649/htlj.v10i1.356

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence, Campaigns Election, Presidential Elections

Abstract

With the advancement of digital technology, AI has been increasingly used in political campaign. This study examines the urgency of limiting the use of AI in presidential and vice-presidential election campaigns and analyzes the legal implications of Constitutional Court Decision Number 166/PUU-XXI/2023 on the use of AI in in Presidential and Vice-Presidential Election Campaign. Using a normative legal research method with statutory and case approaches, this study finds that excessive AI-based image manipulation undermines voters’ rights to accurate information and threatens free and fair elections. The decision requires lawmakers to revise election regulations, obliges election participants to avoid excessive AI use, strengthens voters’ access to truthful information, and mandates election management bodies to enhance oversight. This study contributes to election law and digital governance by reinforcing democratic integrity in the digital era.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abreu Duarte, Francisco de, Giovanni De Gregorio, and Angelo Jr Golia. “Perspectives on Digital Constitutionalism.” Research Handbook on Law and Technology, 2023, 315–29. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803921327.00028.

Adriani Henny. “Partisipasi Bermakna Sebagai Wujud Asas Keterbukaan Dalam Pemb.” UNES Journal of Swara Justisia 7, no. 1 (2023): 306–18. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Agus Priatna, “Foto: Melihat Baliho Politik Prabowo-Gibran Hasil Teknologi AI”, 2023, accessed at 8 December 2025 on https://www.inilah.com/foto-melihat-baliho-politik-prabowo-gibran-hasil-teknologi-ai

Al-Fatih, Sholahuddin. Perkembangan Metode Penelitian Hukum Di Indonesia. Pertama. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, 2023.

Amelia Azis, Rizka, Wasis Susetio, Nurhayani, and Elok Hikmawati. “Pengaturan Dan Pertanggung Jawaban Pemanfaatan Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Di Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Hukum.” Forum Ilmiah 20, no. 4 (2023): 243–54. https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=8ed41b3ddf88be700ac2eb2e756260f70465ed224ac7bad1ff988f3207c542f1JmltdHM9MTczOTkyMzIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=21ac1bf1-8aac-684d-0fca-0a0a8b9469d3&psq=jurnal+hukum+tentang+penciptaan+game+ai&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lanVybmFsLmVzYXVu.

Arifin, Moh. Samsul. “Artificial Intelegence (Ai) Dan Politik: Analisis Terhadap Peran Dan Signifikansi Ai Dalam Komunikasi Politik 2024 Di Indonesia.” Hudan Lin Naas: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora 6, no. 1 (2025): 47. https://doi.org/10.28944/hudanlinnaas.v6i1.1860.

Aris, Mohammad Syaiful. “Penataan Sistem Pemilihan Umum Yang Berkeadilan Untuk Penguatan Sistem Presidensiil Di Indonesia.” Yuridika 33, no. 2 (2018): 290. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v33i2.7379.

Armandhani, Muhamad Ibnu. “The Spread of Democracy in China.” Journal Of Global Strategic Studies 4, no. 2 (2024): 146–71. https://doi.org/10.36859/jgss.v4i2.2602.

Aryo Putranto Saptohutomo, “Mengapa MK Putuskan Foto Kampanye Dilarang Diubah dengan AI?”, 2025, accessed at 8 Desember 2025 on https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2025/01/02/15085071/mengapa-mk-putuskan-foto-kampanye-dilarang-diubah-dengan-ai

Ayu, Silvi Fitri, and Poetika Puspasari. “Masa Depan Demokrasi Indonesia : Penggunaan Artificial Intelligence ( Ai ) Untuk Pemilu Yang Aman Dan Berintegritas the Future of Democracy in Indonesia : The Use of Artificial Intelligence ( Ai ) for Safe and Integrity” 50, no. 1 (2024): 109–27. https://doi.org/10.55981/jmi.2024.8696.

Bahri, Putri Rizkika, H. M. Galang Asmara, and Muh. Risnain. “Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Campaign in the Implementation of General Elections.” RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 9, no. 2 (2024): 117–27. https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2024.v09.n02.012.

Bukhori, Nuri Shabrina, Irwansyah. “Framing Pemberitaan Etika Dan Regulasi Penggunaan Foto Artificial Intelligence (AI) Pada Kampanye.” Komuniti: Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Teknologi Informasi 17, no. 2 (2025): 384–407. https://doi.org/10.23917/komuniti.v17i2.11236.

CNN Indonesia, “MK Resmi Larang Penggunaan Foto AI di Kampanye Pilpres & Pemilu”, 2025, accessed at 06 October 2025 on https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250102141800-12-1183130/mk-resmi-larang-penggunaan-foto-ai-di-kampanye-pilpres-pemilu

Constitutional Court Decision Number 166/PUU-XXI/2023

DFRLab and NetLab UFRJ, “Regulating the use of AI for Brazilian elections: what’s at stake”, 2024, accessed at 13 November 2025 pada https://netlab.eco.ufrj.br/en/post/regulating-the-use-of-ai-for-brazilian-elections-what-s-at-stake

Fatimah, Siti. “Transformasi Ruang Publik Digital : Tantangan Sosial Dan Konstitusional Dalam Demokrasi Era Media Baru.” Cakrawala: Jurnal Litbang Kebijakan 19, no. 1 (2024): 67–86. https://doi.org/10.32781/%0Acakrawala.v19i1.785.

Haeril, Fachmi Khadam. “Desain Makna Visual Citra Politik Berbasis Ai : Kajian Hermeneutika Fenomena ‘ Gemoy .’” ARTIKA: Jurnal Fakultas Desain Vol.9, no. No.2 (2025): 163–75. https://doi.org/10.34148/artika.v9i2.1354.

Hafiz Noer, “Penggunaan AI semakin masif, tetapi tidak banyak mengubah lanskap kampanye politik di Indonesia”, 2024, accessed at 04 October 2025 on https://theconversation.com/penggunaan-ai-semakin-masif-tetapi-tidak-banyak-mengubah-lanskap-kampanye-politik-di-indonesia-229617

Jayus, Sumaiyah, Desy Mairita, and Assyari Abdullah. “Media Sosial Sebagai Media Kampanye Politik Menjelang Pemilu 2024.” JURNAL SIMBOLIKA Research and Learning in Communication Study 10, no. 1 (2024): 72–81. https://doi.org/10.31289/simbolika.v10i1.11468.

Kompas.com, “AI dalam Pemilu 2024: Kampanye Modern hingga Susunan Regulasi Baru”, 2024, accessed at 05 October 2025 on https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2024/02/28/104740565/ai-dalam-pemilu-2024-kampanye-modern-hingga-susunan-regulasi-baru

KPU Kabupaten Jayawijaya, “UU Pemilu 2026, Menuju Reformasi Demokrasi Indonesia di Pemilu 2026”, 2025, accessed at 3 Januari 2026 on https://kab-jayawijaya.kpu.go.id/blog/read/7929_uu-pemilu-2026-menuju-reformasi-demokrasi-indonesia-di-pemilu-2029

Law Number 1 of 2015 on the Enactment of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2014 concerning the Election of Governors, Regents, and Mayors into Law

Law Number 7 of 2017 on General Elections.

Maulana, Muhammad Luthfi, Budi Harjono, Uin Kh Abdurrahman, and Wahid Pekalongan. “Politik Dan Ai: Gaya Komunikasi Kampanye Politik Capres Prabowo-Gibran.” Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Media 04, no. 02 (2024): 159–69.

Muhaemin, Muhammad. “Penggunaan Gambar Artificial Intelligence (AI) Dalam Kampanye Pemilihan Gubernus: Analisis Diskursus Visual.” Jurnal Imajinasi 8, no. 2 (2024): 180–89. https://doi.org/10.36859/prinsip.v1i1.2935.

Muhammad Khaidir Kahfi Natsir, and Magdhalena Tasik Todingrara. “Konstitusionalisme Digital: Membangun Kerangka Hukum Untuk Tata Kelola Penyelenggaraan Negara Di Era Teknologi.” Terang : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Hukum 2, no. 3 (2025): 51–60. https://doi.org/10.62383/terang.v2i3.1286.

Nirmala Maulana Achmad, Dani Prabowo, “Jubir TKN Prabowo-Gibran: Narasi “Gemoy” Untuk Bikin Milenial dan Gen Z Melirik”, 2023, accessed at 04 December 2025 on https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/11/29/23212531/jubir-tkn-prabowo-gibran-narasi-gemoy-catchy-untuk-bikin-milenial-dan-gen-

Nivell Rayda, “Indonesia Election 2024: How AI Has Become a Double-Edged Sword for Candidates and Election Officials”, 2024, accessed at 8 December 2025 on https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/ai-disinformation-deepfakes-indonesia-elections-4091296

Regulation of the General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) Number 11 of 2023 concerning the Supervision of General Election Campaigns

Samatan, Nuriyati, and Marwan Londol. “The Use of Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) Technology and Visual Design of Campaign Billboards on The Decision to Vote For Presidential Candidates in Generation Z.” IJAM : International Ournal of Advanced Multidisciplinary 3, no. 4 (2025): 542–57.

Santoso, Joseph Teguh. Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence). Semarang: Yayasan Prima Agus Teknik & Universitas Stekom, 2023.

Saputra, M Reza, and Nabila Hilyatunisa. “Redefining Executive Power : Evolution of Presidential and Vice Presidential Roles in Indonesia ’ s Post -Amendment Con- Stitutional System.” LITERACY : International Scientific Journals of Social , Education , Humanities vol 4, no. 2 (2025): 440–51. https://doi.org/10.56910/literacy.v4i2.2697.

Sheikh, Haroon, Corien Prins, and Erik Schrijvers. “Artificial Intelligence: Definition and Background.” In Mission AI: Research for Policy, 15–41. Den Haag: Springer Cham, 2023. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21448-6.

Slamet, Mohamad, Dadan Kurnia, Dahly Sukmapryandhika, ) Program, Studi Magister, Ilmu Pemerintahan, and Fisip Unjani. “Sinergitas Pemprov Dki Jakarta Dan Satkowil Dalam Mencegah Konflik Sosial Menjelang Masa Pemilu Serentak Tahun 2024.” Jurnal Prinsip Volume 1, no. 1 (2024): 288–303. https://ejournal.fisip.unjani.ac.id/index.php/prinsip.

The National Conference of State Legislatures, “AI in Elections: A Look at the Federal and State Legislative Landscape”, 2024, accessed at 13 November 2025 pada https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/ai-in-elections-a-look-at-the-federal-and-state-legislative-landscape

The Straits Times, “Generative AI Faces Major Test as Indonesia Hold Largest Election Since Boom in Its Use”, 2024, accessed at 04 Desember 2025 pada https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/generative-ai-faces-major-test-as-indonesia-holds-largest-election-since-boom

Valgarðsson, Viktor, Will Jennings, Gerry Stoker, Lawrence McKay, Daniel Devine, and Nick Clarke. “The Good Politician: Competence, Integrity and Authenticity in Seven Democracies.” Political Studies 73, no. 2 (2025): 631–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217241261180.

Voa Indonesia, “Gemoy ‘Everywhere’: Disrupsi AI Jadi Ujian dalam Pemilu 2024”, 2024, accessed at 8 Desember 2025 pada https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/gemoy-everywhere-disrupsi-ai-jadi-ujian-dalam-pemilu-2024/7479185.html

Wahid, Deny Noer, and Ilham Dwi Rafiqi. Manifestation of Eastern Cultural Values by Re-arranging Norm on Insulting the President and Vice President. Hang Tuah Law Journal 6, no. 1, (2022): 61–76. https://doi.org/10.30649/htlj.v6i1.76.

Willa Wahyuni, “MK Larang Peserta Pemilu Gunakan Foto AI Saat Kampanye”, 2025, accessed at 07 Oktober 2025 on https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/mk-larang-peserta-pemilu-gunakan-foto-ai-saat-kampanye-lt67769185b1241/?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=berita&utm_campaign=shared_sosmed